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A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules to the side of combined chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an vital micronutrient which an organism needs in little quantities for the proper dynamic of its metabolism. indispensable nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at every or not in tolerable quantities, and correspondingly must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not add up the three supplementary groups of vital nutrients: minerals, necessary fatty acids, and indispensable amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of combined molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as skillfully as all-trans-beta-carotene and extra provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic acid or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue layer and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, bendable mineral metabolism for bones and new organs. The B puzzling vitamins comport yourself as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E put on an act as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to do so.

Before 1935, the single-handedly source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the repercussion was vitamin lack and consequent deficiency diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B complex and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the increase production and promotion of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated auxiliary of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic acid supplementation during pregnancy condensed risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who by yourself a rarefied of micronutrients indispensable to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. afterward this presumption was later clear not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. every vitamins were discovered (identified) between 1913 and 1948.

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