A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules next to connected chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an necessary micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper committed of its metabolism. indispensable nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in plenty quantities, and consequently must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not tally the three additional groups of necessary nutrients: minerals, essential fatty acids, and critical amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of connected molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as skillfully as all-trans-beta-carotene and supplementary provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic sour or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).
Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue bump and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, adaptable mineral metabolism for bones and extra organs. The B complex vitamins deed as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E take effect as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to accomplish so.
Before 1935, the on your own source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the outcome was vitamin nonattendance and consequent deficiency diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B mysterious and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.
This was followed in the 1950s by the growth production and promotion of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated complement of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic cutting supplementation during pregnancy edited risk of infant neural tube defects.
The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who forlorn a profound of micronutrients critical to life, every of which he presumed to be amines. subsequently this presumption was future definite not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. every vitamins were discovered (identified) along with 1913 and 1948.
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