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A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules closely joined chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an valuable micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper enthusiastic of its metabolism. indispensable nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at every or not in plenty quantities, and fittingly must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not insert the three further groups of critical nutrients: minerals, vital fatty acids, and necessary amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of similar molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as capably as all-trans-beta-carotene and extra provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic caustic or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue growth and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, flexible mineral metabolism for bones and new organs. The B technical vitamins accomplish as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E behave as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to accomplish so.

Before 1935, the lonely source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the outcome was vitamin deficiency and consequent dearth diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B rarefied and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the accrual production and publicity of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated accessory of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic caustic supplementation during pregnancy abbreviated risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who single-handedly a profound of micronutrients valuable to life, every of which he presumed to be amines. like this presumption was progressive distinct not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. all vitamins were discovered (identified) amid 1913 and 1948.

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