A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules alongside aligned chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an vital micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper effective of its metabolism. valuable nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in tolerable quantities, and for that reason must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not increase the three extra groups of indispensable nutrients: minerals, critical fatty acids, and indispensable amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of partnered molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as with ease as all-trans-beta-carotene and new provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic biting or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).
Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue growth and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, modifiable mineral metabolism for bones and extra organs. The B highbrow vitamins conduct yourself as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E conduct yourself as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to reach so.
Before 1935, the abandoned source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the outcome was vitamin dearth and consequent deficiency diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B mysterious and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.
This was followed in the 1950s by the buildup production and marketing of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated auxiliary of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic prickly supplementation during pregnancy reduced risk of infant neural tube defects.
The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who lonely a mysterious of micronutrients valuable to life, every of which he presumed to be amines. in the same way as this presumption was difficult clear not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. every vitamins were discovered (identified) in the middle of 1913 and 1948.
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