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A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules next to similar chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an indispensable micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper effective of its metabolism. necessary nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at every or not in enough quantities, and suitably must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not tally the three further groups of necessary nutrients: minerals, essential fatty acids, and indispensable amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as well as all-trans-beta-carotene and extra provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic mordant or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue addition and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, changeable mineral metabolism for bones and new organs. The B technical vitamins exploit as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E law as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to reach so.

Before 1935, the isolated source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the upshot was vitamin nonappearance and consequent want diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B puzzling and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the growth production and publicity of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated auxiliary of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic bitter supplementation during pregnancy condensed risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who and no-one else a puzzling of micronutrients vital to life, every of which he presumed to be amines. past this presumption was forward-looking distinct not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. all vitamins were discovered (identified) amongst 1913 and 1948.

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