A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules alongside similar chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an necessary micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper on the go of its metabolism. indispensable nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at every or not in passable quantities, and thus must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not swell the three new groups of indispensable nutrients: minerals, vital fatty acids, and valuable amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of aligned molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as capably as all-trans-beta-carotene and additional provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic cutting or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).
Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue addition and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, adaptable mineral metabolism for bones and new organs. The B complex vitamins pretend as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E performance as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to attain so.
Before 1935, the abandoned source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the outcome was vitamin nonexistence and consequent nonappearance diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B puzzling and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.
This was followed in the 1950s by the layer production and promotion of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated accessory of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic acid supplementation during pregnancy shortened risk of infant neural tube defects.
The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who abandoned a technical of micronutrients valuable to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. afterward this presumption was difficult positive not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. all vitamins were discovered (identified) along with 1913 and 1948.
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