A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules closely linked chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an essential micronutrient which an organism needs in little quantities for the proper operating of its metabolism. necessary nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at every or not in passable quantities, and therefore must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not total the three new groups of valuable nutrients: minerals, vital fatty acids, and essential amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of aligned molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as competently as all-trans-beta-carotene and supplementary provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic mordant or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).
Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue deposit and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, flexible mineral metabolism for bones and other organs. The B rarefied vitamins feign as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E sham as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to do so.
Before 1935, the abandoned source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the upshot was vitamin deficiency and consequent dearth diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B puzzling and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.
This was followed in the 1950s by the enlargement production and marketing of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated auxiliary of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic cutting supplementation during pregnancy edited risk of infant neural tube defects.
The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who only a complex of micronutrients indispensable to life, every of which he presumed to be amines. afterward this presumption was superior sure not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. every vitamins were discovered (identified) between 1913 and 1948.
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