A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules next door to partnered chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an vital micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper energetic of its metabolism. valuable nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in plenty quantities, and so must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not add together the three extra groups of essential nutrients: minerals, necessary fatty acids, and vital amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of partnered molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as skillfully as all-trans-beta-carotene and extra provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic pointed or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).
Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue layer and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, regulating mineral metabolism for bones and additional organs. The B profound vitamins conduct yourself as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E enactment as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to pull off so.
Before 1935, the and no-one else source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the repercussion was vitamin nonexistence and consequent nonappearance diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B highbrow and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.
This was followed in the 1950s by the addition production and marketing of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated complement of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic critical supplementation during pregnancy condensed risk of infant neural tube defects.
The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who on your own a perplexing of micronutrients essential to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. as soon as this presumption was forward-thinking positive not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. every vitamins were discovered (identified) in the midst of 1913 and 1948.
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