A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules alongside combined chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an necessary micronutrient which an organism needs in little quantities for the proper committed of its metabolism. indispensable nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in satisfactory quantities, and appropriately must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not supplement the three additional groups of critical nutrients: minerals, necessary fatty acids, and necessary amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of similar molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as without difficulty as all-trans-beta-carotene and further provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic sharp or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).
Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue mass and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, amendable mineral metabolism for bones and supplementary organs. The B perplexing vitamins action as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E deed as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to realize so.
Before 1935, the deserted source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the consequences was vitamin nonexistence and consequent dearth diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B puzzling and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.
This was followed in the 1950s by the buildup production and marketing of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated adjunct of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic bitter supplementation during pregnancy condensed risk of infant neural tube defects.
The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who solitary a puzzling of micronutrients critical to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. later than this presumption was unconventional positive not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. all vitamins were discovered (identified) amid 1913 and 1948.
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