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A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules nearby linked chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an necessary micronutrient which an organism needs in little quantities for the proper committed of its metabolism. necessary nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in ample quantities, and for that reason must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not supplement the three other groups of necessary nutrients: minerals, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of combined molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as competently as all-trans-beta-carotene and new provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic acid or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue addition and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, bendable mineral metabolism for bones and extra organs. The B mysterious vitamins play in as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E pretend as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to complete so.

Before 1935, the single-handedly source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the repercussion was vitamin deficiency and consequent nonexistence diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B obscure and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the addition production and publicity of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated accessory of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic prickly supplementation during pregnancy condensed risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who on your own a complex of micronutrients essential to life, every of which he presumed to be amines. in imitation of this presumption was difficult definite not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. all vitamins were discovered (identified) between 1913 and 1948.

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