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A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules next to linked chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an critical micronutrient which an organism needs in little quantities for the proper keen of its metabolism. necessary nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in plenty quantities, and appropriately must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not append the three extra groups of necessary nutrients: minerals, essential fatty acids, and indispensable amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of joined molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as without difficulty as all-trans-beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic sour or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue growth and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, amendable mineral metabolism for bones and extra organs. The B profound vitamins be in as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E proceed as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to do so.

Before 1935, the solitary source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the repercussion was vitamin deficiency and consequent nonexistence diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B obscure and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the mass production and promotion of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated complement of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic biting supplementation during pregnancy edited risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who without help a obscure of micronutrients valuable to life, every of which he presumed to be amines. gone this presumption was far ahead definite not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. every vitamins were discovered (identified) in the middle of 1913 and 1948.

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