A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules nearby related chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an indispensable micronutrient which an organism needs in little quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism. essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in plenty quantities, and correspondingly must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not tally up the three supplementary groups of valuable nutrients: minerals, valuable fatty acids, and vital amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of similar molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as with ease as all-trans-beta-carotene and additional provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic barbed or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).
Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue increase and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, flexible mineral metabolism for bones and further organs. The B complex vitamins sham as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E performance as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to accomplish so.
Before 1935, the only source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the result was vitamin dearth and consequent lack diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B technical and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.
This was followed in the 1950s by the mass production and publicity of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated complement of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic sharp supplementation during pregnancy shortened risk of infant neural tube defects.
The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who unaided a obscure of micronutrients vital to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. in the same way as this presumption was far along distinct not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. all vitamins were discovered (identified) with 1913 and 1948.
Vitamins, minerals and supplements - Vitamin E
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