A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules next to amalgamated chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an vital micronutrient which an organism needs in little quantities for the proper involved of its metabolism. valuable nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at every or not in plenty quantities, and consequently must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not tally up the three new groups of valuable nutrients: minerals, indispensable fatty acids, and necessary amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of linked molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as competently as all-trans-beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic cutting or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).
Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue lump and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, variable mineral metabolism for bones and supplementary organs. The B puzzling vitamins feint as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E play a part as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to pull off so.
Before 1935, the unaided source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the consequences was vitamin nonappearance and consequent nonappearance diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B puzzling and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.
This was followed in the 1950s by the accumulation production and promotion of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated accessory of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic pointed supplementation during pregnancy edited risk of infant neural tube defects.
The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who by yourself a perplexing of micronutrients indispensable to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. afterward this presumption was complex sure not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. all vitamins were discovered (identified) amongst 1913 and 1948.
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