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A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules to the side of aligned chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an vital micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism. indispensable nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at every or not in enough quantities, and consequently must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not enlarge the three supplementary groups of essential nutrients: minerals, vital fatty acids, and necessary amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of amalgamated molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as without difficulty as all-trans-beta-carotene and new provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic caustic or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue growth and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, modifiable mineral metabolism for bones and supplementary organs. The B complex vitamins do its stuff as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E conduct yourself as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to pull off so.

Before 1935, the by yourself source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the upshot was vitamin lack and consequent nonattendance diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B profound and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the deposit production and marketing of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated addition of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic sharp supplementation during pregnancy reduced risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who deserted a profound of micronutrients essential to life, every of which he presumed to be amines. afterward this presumption was future clear not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. all vitamins were discovered (identified) together with 1913 and 1948.

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