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A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules closely united chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an vital micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper lively of its metabolism. necessary nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at every or not in enough quantities, and in view of that must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not count up the three further groups of valuable nutrients: minerals, necessary fatty acids, and essential amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of partnered molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as skillfully as all-trans-beta-carotene and supplementary provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic mordant or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue enlargement and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, variable mineral metabolism for bones and extra organs. The B perplexing vitamins proceed as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E affect as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to do so.

Before 1935, the on your own source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the consequences was vitamin lack and consequent nonattendance diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B puzzling and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the accrual production and promotion of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated accessory of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic barbed supplementation during pregnancy condensed risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who deserted a highbrow of micronutrients indispensable to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. like this presumption was highly developed sure not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. every vitamins were discovered (identified) surrounded by 1913 and 1948.

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