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A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules next door to associated chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an essential micronutrient which an organism needs in little quantities for the proper vigorous of its metabolism. essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in ample quantities, and in view of that must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not supplement the three further groups of valuable nutrients: minerals, essential fatty acids, and vital amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of aligned molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as capably as all-trans-beta-carotene and new provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic caustic or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue increase and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, adaptable mineral metabolism for bones and extra organs. The B complex vitamins show as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E act out as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to reach so.

Before 1935, the deserted source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the repercussion was vitamin nonappearance and consequent want diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B puzzling and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the layer production and marketing of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated complement of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic critical supplementation during pregnancy edited risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who on your own a highbrow of micronutrients critical to life, every of which he presumed to be amines. subsequently this presumption was complex certain not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. all vitamins were discovered (identified) with 1913 and 1948.

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