A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules next door to related chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an necessary micronutrient which an organism needs in little quantities for the proper involved of its metabolism. essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at every or not in ample quantities, and suitably must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not total the three extra groups of indispensable nutrients: minerals, vital fatty acids, and critical amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of amalgamated molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as well as all-trans-beta-carotene and supplementary provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic bitter or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).
Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue bump and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, bendable mineral metabolism for bones and other organs. The B puzzling vitamins achievement as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E pretense as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to attain so.
Before 1935, the unaccompanied source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the upshot was vitamin nonexistence and consequent deficiency diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B puzzling and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.
This was followed in the 1950s by the accrual production and marketing of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated accessory of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic caustic supplementation during pregnancy edited risk of infant neural tube defects.
The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who lonely a rarefied of micronutrients critical to life, every of which he presumed to be amines. taking into consideration this presumption was far ahead positive not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. all vitamins were discovered (identified) together with 1913 and 1948.
High doses of vitamin C improve cancer treatment, pass human safety trial The Guardian Nigeria
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