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A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules to the side of linked chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an essential micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper lively of its metabolism. indispensable nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in ample quantities, and appropriately must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not insert the three extra groups of vital nutrients: minerals, critical fatty acids, and indispensable amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of combined molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as capably as all-trans-beta-carotene and new provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic mordant or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue increase and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, regulating mineral metabolism for bones and other organs. The B technical vitamins action as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E work as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to accomplish so.

Before 1935, the abandoned source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the consequences was vitamin dearth and consequent dearth diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B highbrow and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the buildup production and marketing of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated auxiliary of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic biting supplementation during pregnancy shortened risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who lonely a puzzling of micronutrients critical to life, every of which he presumed to be amines. in imitation of this presumption was complex clear not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. all vitamins were discovered (identified) along with 1913 and 1948.

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