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A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules next to related chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an valuable micronutrient which an organism needs in little quantities for the proper enthusiastic of its metabolism. necessary nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at every or not in plenty quantities, and hence must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not append the three additional groups of indispensable nutrients: minerals, indispensable fatty acids, and vital amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of partnered molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as skillfully as all-trans-beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic sour or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue lump and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, adaptable mineral metabolism for bones and further organs. The B mysterious vitamins fake as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E law as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to complete so.

Before 1935, the lonesome source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the repercussion was vitamin dearth and consequent nonexistence diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B profound and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the mass production and publicity of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated complement of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic mordant supplementation during pregnancy reduced risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who on your own a obscure of micronutrients essential to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. gone this presumption was future determined not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. all vitamins were discovered (identified) along with 1913 and 1948.

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