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A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules alongside similar chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an necessary micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper enthusiastic of its metabolism. vital nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at every or not in acceptable quantities, and thus must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not enhance the three supplementary groups of necessary nutrients: minerals, necessary fatty acids, and essential amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of amalgamated molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as competently as all-trans-beta-carotene and further provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic sour or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue growth and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, bendable mineral metabolism for bones and supplementary organs. The B perplexing vitamins play a role as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E behave as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to pull off so.

Before 1935, the unaccompanied source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the repercussion was vitamin dearth and consequent lack diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B mysterious and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the accumulation production and promotion of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated complement of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic critical supplementation during pregnancy shortened risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who only a puzzling of micronutrients critical to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. subsequently this presumption was forward-looking sure not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. every vitamins were discovered (identified) between 1913 and 1948.

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