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A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules alongside related chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an necessary micronutrient which an organism needs in little quantities for the proper vigorous of its metabolism. valuable nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in acceptable quantities, and in view of that must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not tally the three further groups of indispensable nutrients: minerals, critical fatty acids, and essential amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of amalgamated molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as without difficulty as all-trans-beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic cutting or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue addition and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, amendable mineral metabolism for bones and extra organs. The B profound vitamins affect as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E enactment as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to do so.

Before 1935, the lonesome source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the consequences was vitamin nonattendance and consequent dearth diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B mysterious and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the growth production and marketing of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated addition of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic sharp supplementation during pregnancy abbreviated risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who unaided a highbrow of micronutrients valuable to life, every of which he presumed to be amines. subsequent to this presumption was difficult certain not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. every vitamins were discovered (identified) amongst 1913 and 1948.

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