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A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules to the side of partnered chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an indispensable micronutrient which an organism needs in little quantities for the proper operating of its metabolism. critical nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at every or not in acceptable quantities, and as a result must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not improve the three further groups of essential nutrients: minerals, critical fatty acids, and essential amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of combined molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as capably as all-trans-beta-carotene and additional provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic critical or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue mass and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, bendable mineral metabolism for bones and further organs. The B profound vitamins function as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E play in as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to realize so.

Before 1935, the lonesome source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the consequences was vitamin nonappearance and consequent nonexistence diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B profound and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the bump production and marketing of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated adjunct of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic critical supplementation during pregnancy edited risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who deserted a profound of micronutrients essential to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. once this presumption was far ahead definite not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. all vitamins were discovered (identified) between 1913 and 1948.

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