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A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules nearby related chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an vital micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper involved of its metabolism. necessary nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in passable quantities, and suitably must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not tally up the three new groups of indispensable nutrients: minerals, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of similar molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as well as all-trans-beta-carotene and supplementary provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic bitter or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue growth and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, bendable mineral metabolism for bones and supplementary organs. The B mysterious vitamins put on an act as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E piece of legislation as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to complete so.

Before 1935, the by yourself source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the consequences was vitamin nonexistence and consequent nonappearance diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B obscure and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the addition production and marketing of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated supplement of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic sharp supplementation during pregnancy reduced risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who lonely a perplexing of micronutrients essential to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. bearing in mind this presumption was far ahead definite not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. every vitamins were discovered (identified) in the company of 1913 and 1948.

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