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A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules contiguously similar chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an necessary micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper working of its metabolism. valuable nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at every or not in acceptable quantities, and consequently must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not increase the three extra groups of indispensable nutrients: minerals, vital fatty acids, and indispensable amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of joined molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as without difficulty as all-trans-beta-carotene and other provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic caustic or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue growth and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, adaptable mineral metabolism for bones and other organs. The B obscure vitamins undertaking as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E enactment as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to get so.

Before 1935, the unaided source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the repercussion was vitamin nonappearance and consequent want diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B puzzling and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the bump production and promotion of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated auxiliary of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic bitter supplementation during pregnancy condensed risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who isolated a technical of micronutrients valuable to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. in the manner of this presumption was innovative clear not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. all vitamins were discovered (identified) surrounded by 1913 and 1948.

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