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A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules next door to connected chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an vital micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper committed of its metabolism. vital nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in acceptable quantities, and therefore must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not add up the three further groups of vital nutrients: minerals, vital fatty acids, and necessary amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of partnered molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as competently as all-trans-beta-carotene and new provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic mordant or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue buildup and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, regulating mineral metabolism for bones and new organs. The B mysterious vitamins operate as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E function as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to realize so.

Before 1935, the by yourself source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the outcome was vitamin dearth and consequent nonappearance diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B mysterious and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the buildup production and marketing of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated accessory of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic bitter supplementation during pregnancy condensed risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who lonesome a rarefied of micronutrients indispensable to life, every of which he presumed to be amines. taking into account this presumption was higher distinct not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. all vitamins were discovered (identified) in the company of 1913 and 1948.

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