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A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules alongside similar chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an valuable micronutrient which an organism needs in little quantities for the proper enthusiastic of its metabolism. indispensable nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at every or not in tolerable quantities, and suitably must be obtained through the diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term vitamin does not intensify the three additional groups of essential nutrients: minerals, vital fatty acids, and critical amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of united molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health organizations list thirteen: vitamin A (as all-trans-retinol, all-trans-retinyl-esters, as without difficulty as all-trans-beta-carotene and extra provitamin A carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic sharp or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones).

Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin A acts as a regulator of cell and tissue bump and differentiation. Vitamin D provides a hormone-like function, adaptable mineral metabolism for bones and new organs. The B mysterious vitamins pretense as enzyme cofactors (coenzymes) or the precursors for them. Vitamins C and E play a part as antioxidants. Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness, although excess intake of water-soluble vitamins is less likely to accomplish so.

Before 1935, the abandoned source of vitamins was from food. If intake of vitamins was lacking, the outcome was vitamin lack and consequent nonattendance diseases. Then, commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B puzzling and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available.

This was followed in the 1950s by the mass production and promotion of vitamin supplements, including multivitamins, to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population. Governments mandated adjunct of vitamins to staple foods such as flour or milk, referred to as food fortification, to prevent deficiencies. Recommendations for folic barbed supplementation during pregnancy shortened risk of infant neural tube defects.

The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine, which was coined in 1912 by Polish biochemist Casimir Funk, who unaided a highbrow of micronutrients necessary to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. similar to this presumption was innovative distinct not to be true, the "e" was dropped from the name. all vitamins were discovered (identified) with 1913 and 1948.

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